How to Make Web Pages Load Faster

Including External scripts where there are same scripts on multiple pages:

It is always a good practice to add a external CSS & JS scripts with same path on multiple site pages as the scripts are stored in cache to make the loading faster.

Adding the heavy Java Scripts at the bottom

This is most noticeable easy & efficient way to reduce page loading time. Placing the java scripts just before </body> tag at the bottom of page loads the main content first & thus loading time is reduced significantly.

Clean up unnecessary codes & avoid duplicate scripts

Many times in hurry we include some scripts again & again or while designing we write a code for an id but we do not use that style. In such case avoiding these instances can decrease the loading time.

Choose <link> over @import for CSS

This is a best practice to load the style-sheets faster.

We find many designers just putting unnecessary efforts to make web pages flashy & heavy just to show they are out of box. But it often sidetracks the main motive of web page – to load fast & spread its message to readers. So it is always advisable to make a web page simple as possible to make it load faster & convey its message to its viewers.

include() vs require() on PHP

PHP provides four functions which enable you to insert code from other files.
* include()
* require()
* include_once()
* require_once()

All four can take a local file or URL as input. None of them can import a remote file.

require() and include() functions are virtually similar in their function except for the way they handle an irretrievable resource. include() and include_once() provide a warning if the resource cannot be retrieved and try to continue execution of the program if possible. require() and require_once functions provide stop processing the page if they cannot retrieve the resource.

Why include_once() and require_once() ?

The include_once() and require_once() functions are handy in situations where multiple files may reference the same included code.

For example:

File A.php includes File B.php and C.php
File B.php includes File C.php

File C.php has been included twice, so the interpreter would print an error. Since a function cannot be redefined once it’s declared, this restriction can help prevent errors.

If both File A.php and File B.php use include_once() or require_once() to import File C.php, no errors would be generated. PHP would understand that you only want one instance of the code in File C and would not try to redeclare the functions.

It is best to use require_once() to include files which contain necessary code and include_once() to include files that contain content which the program can run without e.g. HTML, CSS, etc.

PHP Array Functions

Array is a Most useful Data Storage in Most of the Programming Languages   Some of unknown array build in functions in php.
                                PHP Array Functions

array_diff (arr1, arr2 …)

array_­filter (arr, function)

array_flip (arr)

array_­int­ersect (arr1, arr2 …)

array_­merge (arr1, arr2 …)

array_pop (arr)

array_push (arr, var1, var2 …)

array_­reverse (arr)

array_­search (needle, arr)

array_walk (arr, function)

count (count)

in_array (needle, haystack)

Yii – adding JavaScript into your views using Controller

We can use Yii’s CClientScript for add javascript.

//in your view where you want to include JavaScripts  Add following line of code in your controller action :  $cs = Yii::app()->getClientScript(); $cs->registerScript( 'my-hello-world-1', 'var popup = "Hello" + " " + "World"; alert(popup);', CClientScript::POS_END );

In the example above, the first argument is an ID uniquely identifies the script, the second is the actual JavaScript. The third argument determinds where the JavaScript will be inserted into the view – by using CClientScript::POS_END the script will be inserted at the before the closing of the body tag.

If you wish to include a JavaScript file instead, we can use registerScriptFile.
First, we place our JavaScript into protected/components/js folder.

Add following line in  controller  action.

Yii::app()->clientScript->registerScriptFile(
        Yii::app()->baseUrl . '/components/js/myScript.js',
 CClientScript::POS_END
 );

HTML5 forms introduction and new attributes

HTML5 form attributes

There are 14 new attributes that we’ll be looking at in this article.

• placeholder
• autofocus
• autocomplete
• required
• pattern
• list
• multiple
• novalidate
• formnovalidate
• form
• formaction
• formenctype
• formmethod
• formtarget

placeholder

First up is the placeholder attribute, which allows us to set placeholder text as we would currently do in HTML4 with the value attribute. It should only be used for short descriptions. For anything longer, use the title attribute. The difference from HTML4 is that the text is only displayed when the field is empty and hasn’t received focus. Once the field receives focus (e.g., you click or tab to the field), and you begin to type, the text simply disappears. It’s very similar to the search box you see in Safari (see Figure 1).

Figure 1. Browser search box in Safari without and with focus

Let’s have a look at how to implement the placeholder attribute.

<input type="text" name="user-name" id="user-name"  

placeholder="at least 3 characters">

That’s it! We can hear you thinking, “What’s so great about that? I’ve been doing it with JavaScript for years.” Yes, that’s true. However, with HTML5, it’s part of the browser, meaning less scripting is required for a more accessible, cross-browser solution (even when JavaScript is disabled). Figure 2 shows the placeholder attribute working in Chrome.

Figure 2. Placeholder attribute support in Chrome, unfocused and focused

Browsers that don’t support the placeholder attribute ignore it, so it won’t render. By including it, though, you’re providing an enhanced user experience for those users who have browser support and you’re “future proofing” your site. All modern browsers support placeholder.

Note: There is no official pseudo-class for styling placeholder text but both Mozilla (makers of Firefox) and WebKit offer vendor prefixed properties for styling (-mozplaceholder and –webkit-input-placeholder). This makes it safe to assume that a pseudo-class will become standard for styling placeholder text. For further detail there is a thread on the WHATWG mailing list about this topic.

autofocus

autofocus does exactly what it says on the tin. Adding it to an input automatically focuses that field when the page is rendered. As with placeholder, autofocus is something that we used JavaScript for in the past.
Traditional JavaScript methods do, though, have some serious usability problems. For example, if a user begins completing the form before the script loads, they will (jarringly) be returned to the first form field when the script is loaded. The autofocus attribute in HTML5 gets around this issue by focusing as soon as the document loads, without having to wait for the JavaScript to be loaded. However, we only recommend using it for pages whose sole purpose is the form (like Google) to prevent the usability issues.
It is a Boolean attribute (except if you are writing XHTML5; see the note) and is implemented as follows:

<input type="text" name="first-name" id="first-name" autofocus>

All modern browsers support the attribute and, like placeholder, browsers that don’t support the autofocus attribute simply ignore it.

Note: Several new HTML5 form attributes are Boolean attributes. This just means they’re set if they’re present and not set if they’re absent. They can be written several ways in HTML5.

autofocus
autofocus=""
autofocus="autofocus"

However, if you are writing XHTML5, you have to use the autofocus="autofocus" style.

autocomplete

The autocomplete attribute helps users complete forms based on earlier input. The attribute has been around since IE5.5 but has finally been standardized as part of HTML5. The default state is set to on. This means that generally we won’t have to use it. However, if you want to insist that a form field be entered each time a form is completed (as opposed to the browser autofilling the field), you would implement it like so:

<input type="text" name="tracking-code" id="tracking-code" autocomplete="off">

The autocomplete state on a field overrides any autocomplete state set on the containing form element.

required

The required attribute doesn’t need much introduction; like autofocus, it does exactly what you’d expect. By adding it to a form field, the browser requires the user to enter data into that field before submitting the form. This replaces the basic form validation currently implemented with JavaScript, making things a little more usable and saving us a little more development time. required is a Boolean attribute, like autofocus. Let’s see it in action.

<input type="text" id="given-name" name="given-name" required>

required is currently implemented only in Opera 9.5+, Firefox 4+, Safari 5+, Internet Explorer 10 and Chrome 5+, so for the time being you need to continue writing a script to check that fields are completed on the client side in other browsers (*cough* IE!). Opera, Chrome, and Firefox show the user an error message (see Figure 3) upon form submission. In most browsers, the errors are then localized based on the declared language. Safari doesn’t show an error message on submit, but instead places focus on that field.

Figure 3. Form field with required attribute displaying a browser-generated error message in Opera

Since the book was published, Bruce has written a little more on the styling of forms and there is another post from Peter that is useful reading.

The default rendering of “required” error messages depends on the individual browser; at present the error message bubble can’t be styled with CSS in all browsers. Chrome, however, does have a proprietary property that you can use to style the error bubble. Peter Gasston has written an article about the syntax. You can also style the input using the :required pseudo-class. An alternative is to override the wording and styling using the setCustomValidity() method in JavaScript. Importantly, don’t forget that this browser validation is no substitute for validating on the server as well.

pattern

A regular expression (regex or regexp) provides a way to match entered strings of text to particular patterns. A regex might be used to check a particular format for a product or ZIP code. They can be used with a number of programming languages, some of which (Perl, Ruby) have them built into their syntax. Regex is where the pattern attribute originates.

The pattern attribute is likely to get a lot of developers very excited (well, as excited as you can get about form attributes). It specifies a JavaScript regular expression for the field’s value to be checked against. pattern makes it easy for us to implement specific validation for product codes, invoice numbers, and so on. The possibilities for pattern are wide-ranging, and this is just one simple example using a product number.

<label>Product Number:<input pattern="[0-9][A-Z]{3}" name="product" 

 type="text" title="Single digit followed by three uppercase letters."/>
</label>

This pattern prescribes that the product number should be a single digit [0-9] followed by three uppercase letters [A-Z]{3}. For more examples, the HTML5 Pattern website lists common regex style patterns to help get you started.
As with required, Opera 9.5+, Firefox 4+, Safari 5+, Internet Explorer 10 and Chrome 5+ are the only browsers with support for pattern at present. However, with the browser market moving at a fast pace, the others will soon catch up.

list and the datalist element

The list attribute enables the user to associate a list of options with a particular field. The value of the list attribute must be the same as the ID of a datalist element that resides in the same document. The datalist element is new in HTML5 and represents a predefined list of options for form controls. It works in a similar way to the in-browser search boxes that autocomplete as you type (see Figure 4).

Figure 4. Google search autosuggestions in Safari

The following example shows how list and datalist are combined (see Figure 5):

<label>Your favorite fruit:<datalist id="fruits">
  <option value="Blackberry">Blackberry</option>
  <option value="Blackcurrant">Blackcurrant</option>
  <option value="Blueberry">Blueberry</option>
  <!-- … -->
</datalist>
If other, please specify:
  <input type="text" name="fruit" list="fruits">
</label>

By adding a select element inside the datalist you can provide superior graceful degradation than by simply using an option element. This is an elegant markup pattern designed by Jeremy Keith that adheres perfectly with HTML5′s principle of degrading gracefully.

<label>Your favorite fruit:<datalist id="fruits">
  <select name="fruits">
    <option value="Blackberry">Blackberry</option>
    <option value="Blackcurrant">Blackcurrant</option>
    <option value="Blueberry">Blueberry</option>
    <!-- … -->
  </select>
If other, please specify:</datalist>
  <input type="text" name="fruit" list="fruits">
</label>

Browser support for list and datalist is currently limited to Opera 9.5+ (see Figure 5), Chrome 20+, Internet Explorer 10 and Firefox 4+.

Figure 5. The datalist element rendered in Opera

multiple

We can take our lists and datalists one step further by applying the Boolean attribute multiple to allow more than one value to be entered from the datalist. Here is an example.

<label>Your favorite fruit:<datalist id="fruits">
  <select name="fruits">
    <option value="Blackberry">Blackberry</option>
    <option value="Blackcurrant">Blackcurrant</option>
    <option value="Blueberry">Blueberry</option>
    <!-- … -->
  </select>
If other, please specify:</datalist>
  <input type="text" name="fruit" list="fruits" multiple>
</label>

multiple isn’t exclusively for use with datalists, though. A further example for multiple might be for email addresses when sending items to friend or the attachment of files, as shown here:

<label>Upload files:<input type="file" multiple name="upload"></label>

multiple is supported in Firefox 3.6+, Safari 4+, Opera 11.5+, Internet Explorer 10 and Chrome 4+.

novalidate and formnovalidate

The novalidate and formnovalidate attributes indicate that the form shouldn’t be validated when submitted. They are both Boolean attributes. formnovalidate can be applied to submit or image input types. The novalidate attribute can be set only on the form element.
An example use case for the formnovalidate attribute could be on a “save draft” button, where the form has fields that are required for submitting the draft but aren’t required for saving the draft. novalidate would be used in cases where you don’t want to validate the form but do want to take advantage of the more useful user interface enhancements that the new input types offer.
The following example shows how to use formnovalidate:

<form action="process.php">
  <label for="email">Email:</label>
  <input type="text" name="email" value="gordo@example.com">
  <input type="submit" formnovalidate value="Submit">
</form>

And this example shows how to use novalidate:

<form action="process.php" novalidate>
  <label for="email">Email:</label>
  <input type="text" name="email" value="gordo@example.com">
  <input type="submit" value="Submit">
</form>

form

The form attribute is used to associate an input, select, or textarea element with a form (known as its form owner). Using form means that the element doesn’t need to be a child of the associated form and can be moved away from it in the source. The primary use case for this is that input buttons that are placed within tables can now be associated with a form.

<input type="button" name="sort-l-h" form="sort">

formaction, formenctype, formmethod, and formtarget

The formaction, formenctype, formmethod, and formtarget attributes each have a corresponding attribute on the form element, which you’ll be familiar with from HTML4, so let’s run through each of them briefly. These new attributes have been introduced primarily because you may require alternative actions for different submit buttons, as opposed to having several forms in a document.

formaction

formaction specifies the file or application that will submit the form. It has the same effect as the action attribute on the form element and can only be used with a submit or image button (type="submit" or type="image"). When the form is submitted, the browser first checks for a formaction attribute; if that isn’t present, it proceeds to look for an action attribute on the form.

<input type="submit" value="Submit" formaction="process.php">

formenctype

formenctype details how the form data is encoded with the POST method type. It has the same effect as the enctype attribute on the form element and can only be used with a submit or image button (type="submit" or type="image"). The default value if not included is application/x-www-formurlencoded.

<input type="submit" value="Submit" formenctype="application/x-www-form-urlencoded">

formmethod

formmethod specifies which HTTP method (GET, POST, PUT, DELETE) will be used to submit the form data. It has the same effect as the method attribute on the form element and can only be used with a submit or image button (type="submit" or type="image").

<input type="submit" value="Submit" formmethod="POST">

formtarget

formtarget specifies the target window for the form results. It has the same effect as the target attribute on the form element and can only be used with a submit or image button (type="submit" or type="image").

<input type="submit" value="Submit" formtarget="_self">